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%Your document starts from here ___________________________________________________
\begin{document}
\history{Date of publication: xxxx 00, 0000.}
\doi{10.1109/SJAST.2024.0429000}

\title{Preparation of Papers for the SJAST Journal}
\author{\uppercase{First A. Author}\authorrefmark{1},
\uppercase{Second B. Author}\authorrefmark{2}, and Third C. Author \authorrefmark{3}}

\address[1]{Electrical and Electronics Department, Engineering and Computer Science College, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA}
\address[2]{Department of Physics, Science College, Ain Shams University, Egypt}
\address[3]{Electrical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
80309 USA}
\tfootnote{This paragraph of the first footnote will contain support information, including sponsor and financial support acknowledgment. ``This work was partly supported by The Research, Development and Innovation Authority (RDIA) under Grant ABC123456.''}

\markboth
{Author \headeretal: Preparation of Papers for the SJAST Journal}
{Author \headeretal: Preparation of Papers for the SJAST Journal}

\corresp{Corresponding author: First A. Author (e-mail: author@ jazanu.edu.sa).}


\begin{abstract}
These guidelines provide instructions for formatting papers to be submitted to the Saudi Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology (SJAST) Journal. You can use this document as a template in \LaTeX; otherwise, use it as a set of instructions. However, to avoid any potential issues with your submission, it is recommended that you carefully review the SJAST Journal format guidelines and make any necessary adjustments to your paper's electronic file before submitting it for review. When writing your paper title, combine uppercase and lowercase letters rather than all uppercase. Avoid using long formulas with subscripts in the title, but short formulas that identify elements are acceptable (for example, ``Nd--Fe--B''). Do not include ``(Invited)'' in the title. While the authors' full names are preferred in the author field, they are not required. Be sure to include a space between the authors' initials. Your abstract should provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of your article and should not contain abbreviations, footnotes, or references. It must be self-contained and serve as a microcosm of the full article. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words, so stay within these limits. It should contain one paragraph, not mathematical equations or tabular material. You should include three or four keywords or phrases in your abstract to help readers find it. Be careful not to overuse these keywords, as search engines may reject your page. Finally, make sure your abstract reads well and is grammatically correct.
\end{abstract}

\begin{keywords}
Enter keywords or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas.
\end{keywords}

\titlepgskip=-21pt

\maketitle

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
\PARstart{T}{his} document is a template for \LaTeX. If you are reading a paper or PDF version of this document, please download the LaTeX template or the MS Word
template of your preferred publication from the SJAST Website at \underline
{https://journals.jazanu.edu.sa/ojs/index.php/SJAST/index}\break\underline{tor/publicationType} so you can use it to prepare your manuscript. If you would prefer to use LaTeX, download SJAST's LaTeX style and sample files from the same Web page. SJAST will do the final formatting of your paper. 
\section{Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation}
If you plan on submitting a paper to the SJAST journal, please remember that they will review the format. Also, it is recommended that you adhere to the 12-page limit for the original paper and the 16-page limit for the review paper.

\subsection{Abbreviations and Acronyms}
Whenever an abbreviation or acronym is used in the text for the first time, it should be defined, even if it has already been described in the abstract. Defining abbreviations such as SI, AC, and DC is unnecessary. Abbreviations with periods should not have spaces between them; instead of ''C. N. R. S.,`` write ''C.N.R.S.`` Avoid using abbreviations in the title unless necessary, such as in the case of ''SJAST`` in the title of this article.

\subsection{Other Recommendations}
Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifiers:
``zero-field-cooled magnetization.'' Avoid dangling participles, such as,
``Using \eqref{eq}, the potential was calculated.'' [It is not clear who or what
used \eqref{eq}.] Write instead, ``The potential was calculated by using \eqref{eq},'' or
``Using \eqref{eq}, we calculated the potential.''

Use a zero before decimal points: ``0.25,'' not ``.25.'' Use
``cm$^{3}$,'' not ``cc.'' Indicate sample dimensions as ``0.1 cm
$\times $ 0.2 cm,'' not ``0.1 $\times $ 0.2 cm$^{2}$.'' The
abbreviation for ``seconds'' is ``s,'' not ``sec.'' Use
``Wb/m$^{2}$'' or ``webers per square meter,'' not
``webers/m$^{2}$.'' When expressing a range of values, write ``7 to
9'' or ``7--9,'' not ``7$\sim $9.''

A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of
the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated
within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within
quotation marks, like ``this period.'' Other punctuation is ``outside''!
Avoid contractions; for example, write ``do not'' instead of ``don't.'' The
serial comma is preferred: ``A, B, and C'' instead of ``A, B and C.''

If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use
the active voice (``I observed that $\ldots$'' or ``We observed that $\ldots$''
instead of ``It was observed that $\ldots$''). Remember to check spelling. If
your native language is not English, please get a native English-speaking
colleague to carefully proofread your paper.

Try not to use too many typefaces in the same article. Also please remember that MathJax
can't handle really weird typefaces.

\subsection{Equations}
Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush
with the right margin, as in \eqref{eq}. To make your equations more
compact, you may use the solidus (~/~), the exp function, or appropriate
exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate
equations when they are part of a sentence, as in
\begin{equation}E=mc^2.\label{eq}\end{equation}

The following 2 equations are used to test 
your LaTeX compiler's math output. Equation (2) is your LaTeX compiler' output. Equation (3) is an image of what (2) should look like.
Please make sure that your equation (2) matches (3) in terms of symbols and characters' font style (Ex: italic/roman).

\begin{align*} \frac{47i+89jk\times 10rym \pm 2npz }{(6XYZ\pi Ku) Aoq \sum _{i=1}^{r} Q(t)} {\int\limits_0^\infty \! f(g)\mathrm{d}x}  \sqrt[3]{\frac{abcdelqh^2}{ (svw) \cos^3\theta }} . \tag{2}\end{align*}

$\hskip-7pt$\includegraphics[scale=0.52]{equation3.png}

Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the
equation appears or immediately following. Italicize symbols ($T$ might refer
to temperature, but T is the unit tesla). Refer to ``\eqref{eq},'' not ``Eq. \eqref{eq}''
or ``equation \eqref{eq},'' except at the beginning of a sentence: ``Equation \eqref{eq}
is $\ldots$ .''

\subsection{LaTeX-Specific Advice}

Please use ``soft'' (e.g., \verb|\eqref{Eq}|) cross references instead
of ``hard'' references (e.g., \verb|(1)|). That will make it possible
to combine sections, add equations, or change the order of figures or
citations without having to go through the file line by line.

Please don't use the \verb|{eqnarray}| equation environment. Use
\verb|{align}| or \verb|{IEEEeqnarray}| instead. The \verb|{eqnarray}|
environment leaves unsightly spaces around relation symbols.

Please note that the \verb|{subequations}| environment in {\LaTeX}
will increment the main equation counter even when there are no
equation numbers displayed. If you forget that, you might write an
article in which the equation numbers skip from (17) to (20), causing
the copy editors to wonder if you've discovered a new method of
counting.

{\BibTeX} does not work by magic. It doesn't get the bibliographic
data from thin air but from .bib files. If you use {\BibTeX} to produce a
bibliography you must send the .bib files.

{\LaTeX} can't read your mind. If you assign the same label to a
subsubsection and a table, you might find that Table I has been cross
referenced as Table IV-B3.

{\LaTeX} does not have precognitive abilities. If you put a
\verb|\label| command before the command that updates the counter it's
supposed to be using, the label will pick up the last counter to be
cross referenced instead. In particular, a \verb|\label| command
should not go before the caption of a figure or a table.

Do not use \verb|\nonumber| inside the \verb|{array}| environment. It
will not stop equation numbers inside \verb|{array}| (there won't be
any anyway) and it might stop a wanted equation number in the
surrounding equation.

\section{Units}
Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly
encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses).
This applies to papers in data storage. For example, write ``15
Gb/cm$^{2}$ (100 Gb/in$^{2})$.'' An exception is when
English units are used as identifiers in trade, such as ``3$^{1\!/\!2}$-in
disk drive.'' Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes
and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because
equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly
state the units for each quantity in an equation.

The SI unit for magnetic field strength $H$ is A/m. However, if you wish to use
units of T, either refer to magnetic flux density $B$ or magnetic field
strength symbolized as $\mu _{0}H$. Use the center dot to separate
compound units, e.g., ``A$\cdot $m$^{2}$.''


\Figure[t!](topskip=0pt, botskip=0pt, midskip=0pt){fig1.png}
{ \textbf{Magnetization as a function of applied field.
It is good practice to explain the significance of the figure in the caption.}\label{fig1}}

\section{Some Common Mistakes}
The word ``data'' is plural, not singular. The subscript for the
permeability of vacuum $\mu _{0}$ is zero, not a lowercase letter
``o.'' The term for residual magnetization is ``remanence''; the adjective
is ``remanent''; do not write ``remnance'' or ``remnant.'' Use the word
``micrometer'' instead of ``micron.'' A graph within a graph is an
``inset,'' not an ``insert.'' The word ``alternatively'' is preferred to the
word ``alternately'' (unless you really mean something that alternates). Use
the word ``whereas'' instead of ``while'' (unless you are referring to
simultaneous events). Do not use the word ``essentially'' to mean
``approximately'' or ``effectively.'' Do not use the word ``issue'' as a
euphemism for ``problem.'' When compositions are not specified, separate
chemical symbols by en-dashes; for example, ``NiMn'' indicates the
intermetallic compound Ni$_{0.5}$Mn$_{0.5}$ whereas
``Ni--Mn'' indicates an alloy of some composition
Ni$_{x}$Mn$_{1-x}$.

Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ``affect'' (usually a
verb) and ``effect'' (usually a noun), ``complement'' and ``compliment,''
``discreet'' and ``discrete,'' ``principal'' (e.g., ``principal
investigator'') and ``principle'' (e.g., ``principle of measurement''). Do
not confuse ``imply'' and ``infer.''

Prefixes such as ``non,'' ``sub,'' ``micro,'' ``multi,'' and ``ultra'' are
not independent words; they should be joined to the words they modify,
usually without a hyphen. There is no period after the ``et'' in the Latin
abbreviation ``\emph{et al.}'' (it is also italicized). The abbreviation ``i.e.,'' means
``that is,'' and the abbreviation ``e.g.,'' means ``for example'' (these
abbreviations are not italicized).

\section{Guidelines for Graphics Preparation and Submission}
\label{sec:guidelines}

\subsection{Types of Graphics}
The classification of graphics in the SJAST journal is based on how they are constructed, as well as their utilization of color or shades of gray:

\subsubsection{Color/Grayscale figures}
{Color or shades of black/gray should be used for figures like photographs, illustrations, graphs, and flowcharts.}

\subsubsection{Line Art figures}
{Figures consisting of only black lines and shapes, with no shades or half-tones of gray, only black and white.}

\subsubsection{Tables}
{Data charts are visual representations of information typically presented in black and white. However, in some cases, color may highlight specific data points or make the chart more visually appealing. These charts can take various forms, such as bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and scatter plots, and are commonly used in business, science, and academia to help convey complex data clearly and concisely.}

\begin{table}
\caption{\textbf{Units for Magnetic Properties}}
\label{table}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}
\begin{tabular}{|p{25pt}|p{75pt}|p{115pt}|}
\hline
Symbol&
Quantity&
Conversion from Gaussian and \par CGS EMU to SI $^{\mathrm{a}}$ \\
\hline
$\Phi $&
magnetic flux&
1 Mx $\to  10^{-8}$ Wb $= 10^{-8}$ V$\cdot $s \\
$B$&
magnetic flux density, \par magnetic induction&
1 G $\to  10^{-4}$ T $= 10^{-4}$ Wb/m$^{2}$ \\
$H$&
magnetic field strength&
1 Oe $\to  10^{3}/(4\pi )$ A/m \\
$m$&
magnetic moment&
1 erg/G $=$ 1 emu \par $\to 10^{-3}$ A$\cdot $m$^{2} = 10^{-3}$ J/T \\
$M$&
magnetization&
1 erg/(G$\cdot $cm$^{3}) =$ 1 emu/cm$^{3}$ \par $\to 10^{3}$ A/m \\
4$\pi M$&
magnetization&
1 G $\to  10^{3}/(4\pi )$ A/m \\
$\sigma $&
specific magnetization&
1 erg/(G$\cdot $g) $=$ 1 emu/g $\to $ 1 A$\cdot $m$^{2}$/kg \\
$j$&
magnetic dipole \par moment&
1 erg/G $=$ 1 emu \par $\to 4\pi \times  10^{-10}$ Wb$\cdot $m \\
$J$&
magnetic polarization&
1 erg/(G$\cdot $cm$^{3}) =$ 1 emu/cm$^{3}$ \par $\to 4\pi \times  10^{-4}$ T \\
$\chi , \kappa $&
susceptibility&
1 $\to  4\pi $ \\
$\chi_{\rho }$&
mass susceptibility&
1 cm$^{3}$/g $\to  4\pi \times  10^{-3}$ m$^{3}$/kg \\
$\mu $&
permeability&
1 $\to  4\pi \times  10^{-7}$ H/m \par $= 4\pi \times  10^{-7}$ Wb/(A$\cdot $m) \\
$\mu_{r}$&
relative permeability&
$\mu \to \mu_{r}$ \\
$w, W$&
energy density&
1 erg/cm$^{3} \to  10^{-1}$ J/m$^{3}$ \\
$N, D$&
demagnetizing factor&
1 $\to  1/(4\pi )$ \\
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{p{251pt}}{Vertical lines are optional in tables. Statements that serve as captions for
the entire table do not need footnote letters. }\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{251pt}}{$^{\mathrm{a}}$Gaussian units are the same as cg emu for magnetostatics; Mx
$=$ maxwell, G $=$ gauss, Oe $=$ oersted; Wb $=$ weber, V $=$ volt, s $=$
second, T $=$ tesla, m $=$ meter, A $=$ ampere, J $=$ joule, kg $=$
kilogram, H $=$ henry.}
\end{tabular}
\label{tab1}
\end{table}

\subsection{Multipart figures}
Multipart figures, consisting of more than one sub-figure, are arranged side-by-side or stacked. If a multipart figure includes multiple figure types (one part is linear, and another is grayscale or color), it should comply with the stricter guidelines.

\subsection{File Formats For Graphics}\label{formats}
To ensure that your graphics are formatted and saved correctly, it's essential to use a graphics processing program suitable for the task. Such programs should be capable of creating images in a variety of file formats such as PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), Portable Document Format (PDF), or Portable Network Graphics (PNG). Additionally, these programs should allow you to adjust the size and resolution settings of the images to meet your specific needs. By selecting the right graphics processing program and adequately configuring the settings, you can create high-quality graphics that are optimized for your intended use.\\ 
Submitting graphics in Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, or Microsoft Excel source files without converting them to PS, EPS, TIFF, PDF, or PNG format is possible. However, saving these files in PDF format is strongly recommended instead of DOC, XLS, or PPT to avoid issues with standard font and arrow strokes when working on the files across multiple platforms. By doing so, you can protect your figures and ensure that they are presented correctly.  \\
Charts, graphs, and tables are typically displayed in one of two sizes: one column wide, which measures 3.5 inches (88 millimeters or 21 picas), or page wide, which measures 7.16 inches (181 millimeters or 43 picas). The maximum allowable depth for any graphic is 8.5 inches (216 millimeters or 54 picas). When selecting the depth of a graphic, it is advisable to allow room for a caption. While it is possible to adjust the size of figures between column and page widths, it is not recommended to make them smaller than one column width unless necessary.
One publication's column measurement does not coincide with those listed above. Proceedings of the SJAST have a column measurement of 3.25 inches (82.5 millimeters / 19.5 picas). 
\subsection{Resolution }
The resolution required for your figures will vary depending on the type of figure, as specified in the “Types of Figures” section. Color and grayscale figures should be at least 300 dpi. Tables and line art should be at least 600 dpi.
\subsection{Vector Art}
We request that files be submitted in EPS, PDF, or PS formats to ensure the images remain consistent and unaltered when viewed on different computer systems. All fonts must be embedded or converted to outlines for the highest quality outcome.
\subsection{Color Space}
The amalgamation of colors represented within a medium is called color space. Three main color spaces are used in digital imaging: Grayscale, RGB (red/green/blue), and CMYK (cyan/magenta/yellow/black). RGB is commonly used for on-screen graphics, while CMYK is used for printing.\\
RGB or CMYK color space should be used to create all color figures, while Grayscale color space is recommended for grayscale images. Line art can be submitted in either grayscale or bitmap colorspace. However, it's important to note that the "bitmap colorspace" should not be confused with the "bitmap file format." When using bitmap colorspace, saving the file in TIF/.TIFF/.PNG format is recommended.

\subsection{Accepted Fonts Within Figures}
SJAST Journal recommends using Times New Roman, Helvetica, Arial, Cambria, and Symbol as open-type fonts for your graphics preparation. If you supply EPS, PS, or PDF files, make sure to embed all fonts. If some fonts are only native to your operating system and not embedded, you may encounter missing or distorted parts of the graphic.\\
When completing the figures, it is advisable to convert fonts into an "outline" type and eliminate them before saving the files. This transformation enables fonts to become graphics that display uniformly on any screen, ensuring a consistent appearance across all devices.
\subsection{Using Labels Within Figures}

\subsubsection{Figure Axis labels }
When labeling the figure axis, symbols are commonly used, which can often be confusing. Instead, using words and writing out the total quantity is recommended. For instance, instead of just using ``M,'' write out "Magnetization" or ``Magnetization M.'' Additionally, it's important to include the units in parentheses instead of only labeling the axes with units. For example, instead of just writing ``A/m,'' write ``Magnetization (A/m)'' or ``Magnetization (A$\cdot$m$^{-1}$),'' as shown in Figure 1. Lastly, avoid labeling axes with a ratio of quantities and units. Instead of writing ``Temperature/K,'' write ``Temperature (K).'' 
The use of multipliers can be pretty perplexing. To avoid any confusion, it's best to use ``Magnetization (kA/m)'' or ``Magnetization (10$^{3}$ A/m)'' instead of ``Magnetization (A/m)  1000''. This is because readers may be unable to determine if the top axis label in Figure 1 corresponds to 16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. It's important to ensure that figure labels are easily readable, with a font size of approximately 8 to 10 points.
\subsubsection{Subfigure Labels in Multipart Figures and Tables}
Before submitting the final version, merging and captioning multipart figures is necessary. The captioning should comprise an 8-point Times New Roman font centered below each subfigure, using the format (a), (b), (c). 
\subsection{Referencing a Figure or Table Within Your Paper}
When citing figures and tables in your paper, always use the abbreviation ``Fig.'' even when it's the first word of a sentence. For tables, do not abbreviate and use Roman Numerals for numbering.
\section{Conclusion}
A conclusion section is essential. However, it should not be a replica of the abstract, even though it may summarize the paper's main points. A conclusion can offer further details on the significance of the research or propose potential applications and extensions.
\section{SUBMITTING YOUR PAPER}
Ensure your final version is printed in a two-column format, including figures and tables. You must also submit your final manuscript using a web submission system.\\
Please send all authors information containing complete contact information, including full mailing addresses, telephone numbers, and e-mail addresses. It is also important to designate one author as the ``corresponding author,'' who will be responsible for receiving proofs of the paper. Keep in mind that proofs will only be sent to the corresponding author.

\section*{Appendix}
Before the acknowledgment section, it is recommended to include any appendices that may be necessary.
\section*{Acknowledgment}
In American English, the word ``acknowledgment'' is preferred without an "e" after the "g". Even if there are several acknowledgments, use the singular heading. Avoid phrases such as ``One of us (S.B.A.) would like to thank....'' Instead, use ``F. A. The author thanks....''. Typically, acknowledgments for financial and sponsor support are placed in the unnumbered footnote on the first page and not included here.
\section*{References and Footnotes}
\subsection{References}
It is not mandatory to mention the sources in the text. However, when mentioned, they should be enclosed in square brackets and placed after the punctuation. Each reference should have a separate bracket, even if multiple references are cited. If you cite a section from a book, provide the relevant page numbers. When referring to a source in the text, use the reference number only. Avoid using ``Ref.'' or ``reference,'' unless at the beginning of a sentence. For instance, ``Reference [3] reveals...'' Please avoid using automatic endnotes in Word; instead, create a reference list at the end of the paper using the ``References'' style.\\
The reference numbers should be placed on the left side, creating a separate column that extends beyond the reference body. Enclose the reference numbers in square brackets and put them on the same line. Abbreviate the first name of the author or editor and use only their initial before the last name. Use "et al." only when names are not available. Commas should be used to set off Jr., Sr., and III in names. Conference titles should be abbreviated. When referring to transaction papers, provide the issue number, page range, volume number, year, and/or month if available. When referencing a patent, include the day and month of issue or application. Ensure that you obtain and include all relevant information, as references may not include all necessary details. Do not combine references; ensure each number corresponds to only one reference. If a URL is included in the print reference, it can be added at the end. \\
Capitalization in paper titles should be limited to the first word unless it's a proper noun or an element symbol. If you're citing a paper published in a translation journal, please provide the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation. Examples of standard references and formats can be found at the end of this document.
\subsection{Footnotes}
Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert| Footnote).  Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it is cited; do not put footnotes in the reference list (endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes (see Table I). 
\section{Publication Principles}
Aspiring authors should take into account the following aspects:
\begin{enumerate}
	\item Technical papers intended for publication must contribute to the improvement of existing knowledge and should reference related previous research. 
	\item The submitted paper's length should be proportional to the significance or complexity of the work. If the work is an extension of previously published research, it may not be suitable for publication or be adequately covered in a few pages.
	\item The submitted paper's length should be proportional to the significance or complexity of the work. If the work is an extension of previously published research, it may not be suitable for publication or be adequately covered in a few pages. 
	\item To ensure progress in scientific research, publications must contain adequate information for readers to replicate experiments or calculations and reproduce results. Authors must not provide every detail but disclose new and relevant information with complete descriptions. For instance, if a paper primarily introduces a new measurement technique, the chemical composition of a specimen need not be included. However, reviewers may question the validity of results if essential data and crucial details are not supplied.
	\item Papers that announce the latest technical achievement or describe ongoing work may not be suitable for publication, even if they are appropriate for presentation at a professional conference.
\end{enumerate}
\section{SJAST Publication Policy}
To submit an article to the SJAST journal, ensure it is original and not published elsewhere or under review elsewhere. Indicate prior publications and current submissions. Obtain consent from all co-authors, employers, or sponsors. Discourage courtesy authorship, cite relevant previous work, and avoid submitting preliminary data or results. The journal can publish articles related to conferences that underwent rigorous peer review. Two reviews are required for every article submitted for peer review.
\section{\break Reference Examples}

\begin{itemize}

\item \emph{Basic format for books:}\\
J. K. Author, ``Title of chapter in the book,'' in \emph{Title of His Published Book, x}th ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. $x$, sec. $x$, pp. \emph{xxx--xxx.}\\
See \cite{b1,b2}.

\item \emph{Basic format for periodicals:}\\
J. K. Author, ``Name of paper,'' \emph{Abbrev. Title of Periodical}, vol. \emph{x, no}. $x, $pp\emph{. xxx--xxx, }Abbrev. Month, year, DOI. 10.1109.\emph{XXX}.123456.\\
See \cite{b3}--\cite{b5}.

\item \emph{Basic format for reports:}\\
J. K. Author, ``Title of report,'' Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. \emph{xxx}, year.\\
See \cite{b6,b7}.

\item \emph{Basic format for handbooks:}\\
\emph{Name of Manual/Handbook, x} ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, year, pp. \emph{xxx--xxx.}\\
See \cite{b8,b9}.

\item \emph{Basic format for books (when available online):}\\
J. K. Author, ``Title of chapter in the book,'' in \emph{Title of
Published Book}, $x$th ed. City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev.
of Publisher, year, ch. $x$, sec. $x$, pp. \emph{xxx--xxx}. [Online].
Available: \underline{http://www.web.com}\\
See \cite{b10}--\cite{b13}.

\item \emph{Basic format for journals (when available online):}\\
J. K. Author, ``Name of paper,'' \emph{Abbrev. Title of Periodical}, vol. $x$, no. $x$, pp. \emph{xxx--xxx}, Abbrev. Month, year. Accessed on: Month, Day, year, DOI: 10.1109.\emph{XXX}.123456, [Online].\\
See \cite{b14}--\cite{b16}.

\item \emph{Basic format for papers presented at conferences (when available online): }\\
J.K. Author. (year, month). Title. presented at abbrev. conference title. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file\\
See \cite{b17}.

\item \emph{Basic format for reports and handbooks (when available online):}\\
J. K. Author. ``Title of report,'' Company. City, State, Country. Rep. no., (optional: vol./issue), Date. [Online] Available: site/path/file\\
See \cite{b18,b19}.

\item \emph{Basic format for computer programs and electronic documents (when available online): }\\
Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). \emph{Number of bill or resolution}, \emph{Title}. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file\\
See \cite{b20}.

\item \emph{Basic format for patents (when available online):}\\
Name of the invention, by inventor's name. (year, month day). Patent Number [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file\\
See \cite{b21}.

\item \emph{Basic format}\emph{for conference proceedings (published):}\\
J. K. Author, ``Title of paper,'' in \emph{Abbreviated Name of Conf.}, City of Conf., Abbrev. State (if given), Country, year, pp. \emph{xxxxxx.}\\
See \cite{b22}.

\item \emph{Example for papers presented at conferences (unpublished):}\\
See \cite{b23}.

\item \emph{Basic format for patents}$:$\\
J. K. Author, ``Title of patent,'' U.S. Patent \emph{x xxx xxx}, Abbrev. Month, day, year.\\
See \cite{b24}.

\item \emph{Basic format for theses (M.S.) and dissertations (Ph.D.):}
\begin{enumerate}
\item J. K. Author, ``Title of thesis,'' M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
\item J. K. Author, ``Title of dissertation,'' Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
\end{enumerate}
See \cite{b25,b26}.

\item \emph{Basic format for the most common types of unpublished references:}
\begin{enumerate}
\item J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year.
\item J. K. Author, ``Title of paper,'' unpublished.
\item J. K. Author, ``Title of paper,'' to be published.
\end{enumerate}
See \cite{b27}--\cite{b29}.

\item \emph{Basic formats for standards:}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \emph{Title of Standard}, Standard number, date.
\item \emph{Title of Standard}, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date.
\end{enumerate}
See \cite{b30,b31}.

\item \emph{Article number in~reference examples:}\\
See \cite{b32,b33}.

\item \emph{Example when using et al.:}\\
See \cite{b34}.

\end{itemize}





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\bibitem{b23} D. Ebehard and E. Voges, ``Digital single sideband detection for interferometric sensors,'' presented at the \emph{2\textsuperscript{nd} Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors,} Stuttgart, Germany, Jan. 2-5, 1984.

\bibitem{b24} G. Brandli and M. Dick, ``Alternating current fed power supply,'' U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.

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\bibitem{b27} A. Harrison, private communication, May 1995.

\bibitem{b28} B. Smith, ``An approach to graphs of linear forms,'' unpublished.

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\bibitem{b30} IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.

\bibitem{b31} Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.

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\EOD

\end{document}
